Automated Deployment

Automated Configuration

Remote Management

A critical part of a cloud's scalability is the amount of effort that it takes to run your cloud. To minimize the operational cost of running your cloud, set up and use an automated deployment and configuration infrastructure.

云計(jì)算的可擴(kuò)展性的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵部分是，您需要大量的精力運(yùn)行你的云。為了最大限度地減少運(yùn)行云的運(yùn)營(yíng)成本，需要設(shè)置使用自動(dòng)部署和配置基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。

This infrastructure includes systems to automatically install the operating system's initial configuration and later coordinate the configuration of all services automatically and centrally, which reduces both manual effort and chance for error.

這些包括自動(dòng)安裝操作系統(tǒng)的初始配置和之后服務(wù)配置的集中自動(dòng)配置管理，減少手工操作導(dǎo)錯(cuò)誤的機(jī)會(huì)。

Automated Deployment

Disk Partitioning and RAID

Network Configuration

An automated deployment system installs and configures operating systems on new servers, without intervention, after the absolute minimum amount of manual work, including physical racking, MAC to IP assignment, power configuration, and so on. Typically solutions rely on wrappers around PXE boot and TFTP servers for the basic operating system install, then hand off to an automated configuration management system.

在新服務(wù)器上，絕對(duì)最低量的體力勞動(dòng)，包括物理貨架，MAC分配IP地址，電源配置，依此類(lèi)推，然后安裝自動(dòng)部署系統(tǒng)和配置系統(tǒng)。典型的解決方案包括依賴(lài)于PXE引導(dǎo)和TFTP服務(wù)器的基本操作系統(tǒng)安裝，然后移交到一個(gè)自動(dòng)化的配置管理系統(tǒng)。

Ubuntu and Red Hat Linux both include mechanisms for configuring the operating system, including preseed and kickstart, that you can use after a network boot. Typically these are used to bootstrap an automated configuration system. Alternatively, you can use an image-based approach for deploying the operating system, such as systemimager. You can use both approaches with a virtualized infrastructure, such as when you run VMs to separate your control services and physical infrastructure.

Ubuntu和Red Hat Linux中都包括配置機(jī)制操作系統(tǒng)，包括preseed和kickstart,使用它們就可以從網(wǎng)絡(luò)引導(dǎo)。通常情況下，這些用來(lái)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)自動(dòng)化配置系統(tǒng)。您也可以使用一個(gè)基于圖像的方法部署操作系統(tǒng)，如SystemImager。您可以使用這兩種方法及虛擬化的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，如當(dāng)您運(yùn)行控制服務(wù)和物理基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的虛擬機(jī)分開(kāi)。

When you create a deployment plan, focus on a few vital areas because they are very hard to modify post-deployment.

在您創(chuàng)建部署計(jì)劃時(shí)，應(yīng)集中精力關(guān)注一些重要的領(lǐng)域，因?yàn)椴渴鸷笏麄儗⒎浅ｋy修改。

Disk Partitioning and RAID

At the very base of any operating system are the hard drives on which the OS is installed.

在任何操作系統(tǒng)上的非?；A(chǔ)的硬盤(pán)操作系統(tǒng)安裝。

You must complete the following configurations on the server's hard drives:

你必須完成對(duì)服務(wù)器的硬盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)器的以下配置：

• Partitioning分區(qū)
• Adding to a RAID array添加到RAID陣列

The simplest option is to use one hard drive with two partitions:

最簡(jiǎn)單的選擇是一個(gè)硬盤(pán)兩個(gè)分區(qū)：

• File system
• Swap space

RAID is not used in this setup.
在此設(shè)置中，不使用RAID。

We recommend that you choose one of the following multiple disk options:
我們建議您從以下多個(gè)磁盤(pán)選項(xiàng)??中選擇：

• Option 1: Partition all drives in the same way in a horizontal fashion, as shown in the following diagram:
  分區(qū)中的所有驅(qū)動(dòng)器水平的方式，以同樣的方式在下面的圖所示：

With this option, you can assign different partitions to different RAID arrays. You can allocate partition 1 of disk one and two to the /bootpartition mirror. You can make partition 2 of all disks the root partition mirror. You can use partition 3 of all disks for a cinder-volumes LVM partition running on a RAID 10 array.
使用此選項(xiàng)，您可以指定不同的分區(qū)使用不同的RAID陣列。您可以分配第一個(gè)和第二個(gè)磁盤(pán)的第一個(gè)分區(qū)到/ boot分區(qū)鏡像。你可以讓所有磁盤(pán)的第二個(gè)分區(qū)給root分區(qū)鏡。您可以讓cinder-volumes LVM運(yùn)行在所有磁盤(pán)的第三分區(qū)在RAID 10陣列的分區(qū)上。

While you might end up with unused partitions, such as partition 1 in disk three and four of this example, it allows for maximum utilization off disk space. I/O performance might be an issue due to all disks being used for all tasks.
雖然你可能會(huì)結(jié)束與未使用的分區(qū)，如分區(qū)1本實(shí)施例三和四的磁盤(pán)，它允許的最大利用率關(guān)閉磁盤(pán)空間。由于所有磁盤(pán)I / O性能可能是一個(gè)問(wèn)題用于所有任務(wù)。

• Option 2: Add all raw disks to one large RAID array, either hardware or software based. You can partition this large array with the boot, root, swap, and LVM areas. This option is simple to implement and uses all partitions. However, disk I/O might suffer.
  所有的原始磁盤(pán)添加到一個(gè)大的RAID陣列，硬件或基于軟件的。您可以和這個(gè)RAID陳列進(jìn)行boot，root，swap和LVM。此選項(xiàng)很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)，并使用所有分區(qū)。然而，磁盤(pán)I / O性能可能會(huì)受到影響。
• Option 3: Dedicate entire disks to certain partitions. For example, you could allocate disk one and two entirely to the boot, root, and swap partitions under a RAID 1 mirror. Then, allocate disk 3 and 4 entirely to the LVM partition, also under a RAID 1 mirror. Disk I/O should be better because I/O is focused on dedicated tasks. However, the LVM partition is much smaller.
  將整個(gè)磁盤(pán)劃給某些分區(qū)。例如，您可以分配第一個(gè)和第二個(gè)磁盤(pán)使用RAID 1然后給boot，root和swap分區(qū)。然后，分配磁盤(pán)3和4完全使用LVM分區(qū)，同時(shí)也使用RAID 1鏡像。磁盤(pán)I / O應(yīng)該會(huì)更好因?yàn)镮 / O集中在專(zhuān)門(mén)的任務(wù)。然而，在LVM分區(qū)要小得多。

As with most architecture choices, the right answer depends on your environment.
架構(gòu)的選擇很多，正確的答案取決于你的環(huán)境。

Network Configuration

Network configuration is a very large topic that spans multiple areas of this book. For now, make sure that your servers can PXE boot and successfully communicate with the deployment server.
網(wǎng)絡(luò)配置是一個(gè)非常大的話題，本書(shū)跨越多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的。現(xiàn)在，你需要做的是確保你的服務(wù)器可以與從部署服務(wù)器PXE成功引導(dǎo)。

For example, you usually cannot configure NICs for VLANs when PXE booting. Additionally, you usually cannot PXE boot with bonded NICs. If you run into this scenario, consider using a simple 1 GB switch in a private network on which only your cloud communicates.
例如，你通常不能對(duì)使用VLAN的配置網(wǎng)卡PXE引導(dǎo)。此外，你通常使用bonded網(wǎng)卡PXE引導(dǎo)。如果你碰上這種情況下，可以考慮使用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的1 GB交換機(jī)在一個(gè)私有網(wǎng)上進(jìn)行云通信。

Automated Configuration

The purpose of automatic configuration management is to establish and maintain the consistency of a system with no human intervention. You want to maintain consistency in your deployments so you can have the same cloud every time, repeatably. Proper use of automatic configuration management tools ensures that components of the cloud systems are in particular states, in addition to simplifying deployment, and configuration change propagation.
自動(dòng)配置管理的目的是通過(guò)無(wú)人干預(yù)的方式建立和保持系統(tǒng)的一致性。你想您的部署保持一致性，所以你每次可重復(fù)。正確使用自動(dòng)配置管理工具除了簡(jiǎn)化了部署和配置更改的自動(dòng)部署發(fā)布，同時(shí)可以確保云中系統(tǒng)的每個(gè)組成部分是都在特定的狀態(tài)。

These tools also make it possible to test and roll back changes, as they are fully repeatable. Conveniently, a large body of work has been done by the OpenStack community in this space. Puppet – a configuration management tool – even provides official modules for OpenStack.

這些工具還使人們有可能以測(cè)試和回滾更改，因?yàn)樗鼈兺耆梢灾貜?fù)。方便的是，在OpenStack社區(qū)中一個(gè)大型機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)完成有關(guān)的工作。Puppet – 一個(gè)配置管理工具 - 甚至提供OpenStack的官方模塊

An integral part of a configuration management system is the items that it controls. You should carefully consider all of the items that you want, or do not want, to be automatically managed.
配置管理系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)組成部分的它能控制的項(xiàng)目。您應(yīng)仔細(xì)考慮所有你想要的，或不想要的可自動(dòng)管理的項(xiàng)目。

Remote Management

In our experience, most operators don't sit right next to the servers running the cloud, and many don't necessarily enjoy visiting the data center. OpenStack should be entirely remotely configurable, but sometimes not everything goes according to plan.
我們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是大多數(shù)操作人員不坐在服務(wù)器旁邊運(yùn)行云，許多人不一定喜歡訪問(wèn)數(shù)據(jù)中心。 OpenStack的應(yīng)該是完全遠(yuǎn)程配置，但有時(shí)不是一切都按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的。

In this instance, having an out-of-band access into nodes running OpenStack components, is a boon. The IPMI protocol is the de-facto standard here, and acquiring hardware that supports it is highly recommended to achieve that lights-out data center aim.
在這種情況下，有一個(gè)帶外接入節(jié)點(diǎn)運(yùn)行OpenStack，是一個(gè)福音。 IPMI協(xié)??議是事實(shí)上的這里的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并獲取支持它的硬件是高度建議實(shí)現(xiàn)熄燈的數(shù)據(jù)中心的目標(biāo)。

In addition, consider remote power control as well. While IPMI usually controls the server's power state, having remote access to the PDU that the server is plugged into can really be useful for situations when everything seems wedged.
此外，考慮遠(yuǎn)程電源控制。雖然IPMI通常控制服務(wù)器的電源狀態(tài)，具有遠(yuǎn)程訪問(wèn)的PDU該服務(wù)器才能真正成為有用的情況，當(dāng)接入電源后。

OpenStack實(shí)施管理手冊(cè)-第一章 部署準(zhǔn)備